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incompetence, through conscious incompetence and conscious competence, the stage of unconscious competence must be reached. This requires extended and more intensive practice.\u000DAfter these first studies several further studies have since been published confirming the validity and efficacy of the NAIM (Risberg-Berlin, Ylitalo et al. 2006, Risberg-Berlin, Moller et al. 2007, Ward and van As-Brooks 2007, Risberg-Berlin, Ryden et al. 2008, Risberg-Berlin, Ryden et al. 2009, Risberg-Berlin, Karlsson et al. 2014). These studies also confirm that intensive guidance leads to improved outcomes more quickly. Risberg-Berlin et al. showed in a one-year follow-up study that the NAIM is a patient- friendly, low-cost and effective method to restore the sense of smell, and that the function is maintained in the long run (Risberg-Berlin, Moller et al. 2007). Based on the protocols used at the NKI- AVL, Risberg-Berlin et al. developed a feasible and reliable protocol for testing the use of the NAIM in laryngectomees (Risberg-Berlin, Ryden et al. 2008). It was found that by using this protocol the performance of the NAIM improved significantly, and that patients regained a better sense of smell. Risberg-Berlin et al. later assessed the changes that occur in the first three years after NAIM training in terms of olfaction, quality of life and communication (Risberg-Berlin, Ryden et al. 2009). Their results pointed towards the importance of incorporating NAIM training in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme. The study also showed that patients who had successfully rehabilitated in terms of smelling and communication generally scored well on the quality-of-life questionnaire and experienced no mental distress. Ward et al. furthermore showed in a recent study that patients who had received intensive support reported a significantly better sense of smell after six weeks than those patients who had followed an intensive, but independent home-practice programme (Ward, Coleman et al. 2010).\u000DIn addition to reduced/loss of sense of smell, changes in gustation (albeit of less influence than that of impaired olfaction) also have a negative impact on oral intake and thus on quality of life (Ward and van As-Brooks 2007). In laryngectomees gustation is largely disrupted due to reduced/lost sense of smell. A study by Van Dam et al. showed that non-smelling laryngectomees experienced worse taste and reported a bigger deterioration of taste compared to smelling laryngectomees and a control group of elderly people (Van Dam, Hilgers et al. 1999). The sense of taste however seemed to be less impaired than the sense of smell. An explanation for this could be that when one chews \u2018properly\u2019 with the lips closed, an under pressure is created in the mouth and nose, so that a nasal airflow is induced and the sense of smell is \u2018unconsciously\u2019 restored. In this way, the sense of taste is better than in the case of complete loss of the sense of smell. It is, then, important to first rehabilitate the sense of smell, but to stimulate taste as well.\u000DIn short, it is being recommended to integrate olfactory rehabilitation with the addition of taste stimulation within the other (necessary) elements of rehabilitation after total laryngectomy (voice, speech, lung and swallowing rehabilitation) and to maintain these intensively and in the long term. The availability of simple aids such as a water manometer for visual feedback and a simple olfaction test (Smell Disk Olfaction Test) to monitor progress increases the feasibility of this level 1 evidence-based form of rehabilitation (Briner and Simmen 1999, Hilgers, Jansen et al. 2002).\u000D5.3.5 Peripheral facial palsy resulting from head and neck cancer\u000DFacial nerve palsy comes in two forms: central and peripheral. Central facial palsy is caused by defects in the central nervous system. Peripheral facial palsy arises from damage to the nervus facialis (the seventh cranial nerve). Approximately half of these latter types of paralysis are diagnosed as Bell\u2019s\u000D115\u000D